AURELIA AURAL TRAINING PROFESSIONAL

Considering evidence from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, we summarize support for (1) anatomical differences in the brains of musicians, (2) musician advantages in aspects of the neural encoding of sound, and (3) cognitive and perceptual advantages that relate to extent of musical training.Ī gold standard experimental model for learning/training studies is random assignment to an experimental group with two control groups: an active control and a passive control, with the training groups undergoing systematic, consistent regimens. In this review we interpret new and previously established findings according to the argument that many of musicians' biological distinctions develop in combination with or as a result of rigorous musical training rather than intrinsic advantages alone. Despite a wealth of studies that have investigated biological markers of musical training, we cannot yet answer a fundamental question: are musicians born or made? Basic music skills can also be taught to novice participants in an experimental setting, allowing the examination of short-term training effects.

AURELIA AURAL TRAINING PROFESSIONAL

In the case of professional musicians, training occurs over a lifetime, often commencing at a young age. Because of its cognitive demands and the coupling required across sensory systems, musical training has provided a fruitful model for studying plastic changes in the brain and behavior that occur through short- and long-term training (e.g., Rauschecker, 2001 Münte et al., 2002 Stewart, 2008 Habib and Besson, 2009 Wan and Schlaug, 2010 Herholz and Zatorre, 2012 Strait and Kraus, 2013).

Music performance requires facility in sensory and cognitive domains, combining skills in auditory perception, kinesthetic control, visual perception, pattern recognition, and memory. To be a musician is to be a consummate multi-tasker. Whatever deceptions life may have in store for you, music itself is not going to let you down.” “I've never known a musician who regretted being one. We conclude by reviewing evidence from neurobiological and epigenetic approaches to frame biological markers of musicianship in the context of interactions between genetic and experience-related factors. Even amidst innate characteristics that contribute to the biological building blocks that make up the musician, musicians demonstrate further training-related enhancements through extensive education and practice. For example, many musician-advantages in the neural encoding of sound, auditory perception, and auditory-cognitive skills correlate with their extent of musical training, are not observed in young children just initiating musical training, and differ based on the type of training pursued. We begin by addressing effects of training on musical expertise, presenting neural, perceptual, and cognitive evidence to support the claim that musicians are shaped by their musical training regimes. What makes a musician? In this review, we discuss innate and experience-dependent factors that mold the musician brain in addition to presenting new data in children that indicate that some neural enhancements in musicians unfold with continued training over development.

8Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

7Department of Neurobiology & Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

6Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

5Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

4Program in Cognitive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.

3Music Cognition Laboratory, Program in Music Theory and Cognition, Bienen School of Music, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA.2Program in Music Theory and Cognition, Bienen School of Music, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.1Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Science and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.Karen Chan Barrett 1,2,3 Richard Ashley 2,3,4 Dana L.

Aurelia aural training